Backthen chess-playing was considered an in- telligent activity, hence one might call this chessprogram the first design of an AI program, al- though Zuse did not really implement it back then.Soon afterwards, in 1948, Claude Shannon 82 published information theory, recyclingseveral older ideas such as Ludwig Boltzmann's entropy from 19th century statistical mechanics,and the bit of information (Leibniz, 1701).Relays, Tubes,Transistors. In the 1940s Zuse went on to devise the firsthigh-level programming language (Plankalkul), which he used to write the first chess program. By 1941, all the main ingredientsof 'modern' computer science were in place, a decade after Godel'spaper, a century after Babbage, and roughly three centuries after Wil helm Schickard, who started the history ofautomatic computing hardware by constructing the first non-program-controlled computer in 1623. Si- multaneouslyKonrad Zuse built the first working program-controlled computers (1935-1941), usingthe binary arithmetic and the bits of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz(1701) instead of the more cumbersome decimal system used by Charles Babbage,who pioneered the con- cept of program-controlled computers in the 1840s, andtried to build one, although without success. TMs are often more convenient than Godel's integer-based formal systems, and laterbecame a central tool of CS theory. In 1936 Alan Turing 91 introduced the Turingmachine to reformu- late Godel's results andAlonzo Church's extensions thereof. Given the tremendousimpact of Godel's results on AI theory, it does make sense to date AI's beginnings back to his 1931.Zuse and Turing. In particular, sincehumans can 'see' the truth of Godel's unprovable statements, someresearchers mistak- enly thought thathis results show that machines and Artificial Intelligences (AIs) will always be inferior to humans. Impact not only on computer science but also onphilosophy and other fields. # License :: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.Godel's incompletenessresult is widely regarded as the most remarkable achievement of 20th century mathematics,although some mathematicians say it is logic, not math, and oth- ers call it the fundamental result of theoreticalcomputer science, a discipline that did not yet officially exist back then but was effectively created through G¨del'swork. # English :: Malay dictionary extracted from
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